Miranda v Arizona - Supreme Court Case

Miranda v Arizona - Supreme Court Case Miranda v. Arizonaâ was a critical Supreme Court case that decided that a litigants proclamations to specialists are forbidden in court except if the respondent has been educated regarding their entitlement to have a lawyer present during addressing and an understanding that anything they state will be held against them. What's more, for an announcement to be acceptable, the individual must comprehend their privileges and defer them intentionally. Quick Facts: Miranda v. Arizona Case Argued: Feb 28-March 2, 1966Decision Issued: Jun 13, 1966Petitioner: Ernesto Miranda, a speculate who was captured and brought to the Phoenix, Ariz., police headquarters for questioningRespondent: State of ArizonaKey Question: Does the Fifth Amendment’s security against self-implication stretch out to the police cross examination of a suspect?Majority Decision: Justices Warren, Black, Douglas, Brennan, FortasDissenting: Justices Harlan, Stewart, White, ClarkRuling: The Supreme Court decided that a litigants explanations to specialists are prohibited in court except if he has been educated regarding his entitlement to have a lawyer present during addressing and an understanding that anything he says will be held against him in a courtroom. Realities of Miranda v. Arizona On March 2, 1963, Patricia McGee (not her genuine name) was abducted and assaulted while strolling home after work in Phoenix, Arizona. She blamed Ernesto Miranda for the wrongdoing subsequent to choosing him from a setup. He was captured and taken to a cross examination room where following three hours he marked a composed admission to the wrongdoings. The paper on which he composed his admission expressed that the data was given deliberately and that he comprehended his privileges. Be that as it may, no particular rights were recorded on the paper. Miranda was seen as liable in an Arizona court dependent on the composed admission. He was condemned to 20 to 30 years for the two wrongdoings to be served simultaneously. In any case, his lawyer felt that his admission ought not be acceptable because of the way that he was not cautioned of his entitlement to have a lawyer speak to him or that his announcement could be utilized against him. In this manner, he offered the case for Miranda. The Arizona State Supreme Court didn't concur that the admission had been constrained, and in this way maintained the conviction. From that point, his lawyers, with the help of the American Civil Liberties Union, spoke to the US Supreme Court. Incomparable Court Decision The Supreme Court really chose four unique cases that all had comparative conditions when they administered on Miranda. Under Chief Justice Earl Warren, the court wound up favoring Miranda with a 5-4 vote. From the start, the lawyers for Miranda endeavored to contend that his privileges had been damaged as he had not been given a lawyer during the admission, refering to the Sixth Amendment. In any case, the Court concentrated on the rights ensured by the Fifth Amendment including that of assurance against self-implication. The Majority Opinion composed by Warren expressed that without appropriate shields, the procedure of in-care cross examination of people associated or denounced with wrongdoing contains naturally convincing weights which work to subvert the individual’s will to oppose and to propel him to talk where he would somehow do so uninhibitedly. Miranda was not discharged from jail, be that as it may, on the grounds that he had additionally been indicted for theft wh ich was not influenced by the choice. He was retried for the wrongdoings of assault and capturing without the composed proof and saw as blameworthy a subsequent time. The Significance of Miranda v. Arizona The Supreme Court choice in Mapp v. Ohio was very dubious. Adversaries contended that educating hoodlums concerning their privileges would hamper police examinations and cause more lawbreakers to walk free. Truth be told, Congress passed a law in 1968 that gave the capacity to courts to analyze admissions dependent upon the situation to choose whether they ought to be permitted. The primary aftereffect of Miranda v. Arizona was the production of the Miranda Rights. These were recorded in the Majority Opinion composed by Chief Justice Earl Warren: [A suspect] must be cautioned preceding any scrutinizing that he has the option to stay quiet, that anything he says can be utilized against him in an official courtroom, that he has the privilege to the nearness of a lawyer, and that in the event that he can't manage the cost of a lawyer one will be named for him before any scrutinizing in the event that he so wants. Fascinating Facts Ernesto Miranda was discharged from jail subsequent to serving just eight years of his sentence.Miranda was indicted a subsequent time dependent on the declaration of his custom-based law spouse to whom he admitted the violations. He had disclosed to her that he would wed Patricia McGee in the event that she would drop the charges against him.Miranda would later sell signed cards bearing the Miranda Rights for $1.50 each.Miranda was executed of a blade would after a bar brawl. The individual who was captured for his homicide was perused the Miranda Rights. Sources: Miranda v. Arizona. 384 U.S. 436 (1966). Gribben, Mark. Miranda versus Arizona: The Crime That Changed American Justice. Wrongdoing Library. trutv.com/library/wrongdoing/notorious_murders/not_guilty/miranda/1.html

-persuasive speech-donate to my favorite charity Essay

- convincing discourse give to my preferred foundation - Essay Example Projects built up by ASRC here in the Connecticut help medically introverted youngsters in adapting to their condition. It likewise helps relatives, and those near the youngsters to learn and adjust better approaches for managing chemical imbalance and helping the influenced kid (Kucharczyk et al., 2015). As per ASRC, some of projects incorporate fundamental instruction about chemical imbalance, workshops for families and experts, direct administrations, counsel, smaller than usual awards, acknowledgment programs, a scope of care groups, social exercises, entertainment and authoritative backing. Mental imbalance cases are getting across the board in the contemporary society, and a few people feel its belongings. The main purpose behind asking you to give to this commendable endeavor is on the grounds that we are one network. We join as one; thus, it fundamental that we tackle it together. Second, this issue influences all of us. Such a drive would fabricate network union and assist us with becoming acquainted with and see each other better. Insights suggests that one of every eighty-eight kids have this condition. Numerous families can't bear to furnish their medically introverted youngster with the important consideration and consideration, however with your information, this will be conceivable. Third, you ought to give to the foundation on the grounds that ASRC looks for not exclusively to sharpen the network about chemical imbalance, yet in addition give strong answers for this condition. We accept that your help to this cause will empower it in understanding its objecti ve and eventually sway the network emphatically. Kas, M., Modi, M., Saxe, M., and Smith, D. (2014). Propelling the disclosure of meds for chemical imbalance range issue utilizing new advancements to uncover social cerebrum hardware in rodents. Psychopharmacology, 231(6), 1147â€1165. http://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-014-3464-y Kucharczyk, S., Reutebuch, C. K., Carter, E. W., Hedges, S., El Zein, F., Fan, H., and Gustafson, J. R. (2015). Tending to the necessities of young people with chemical imbalance range issue: contemplations and complexities for secondary school

Fall 2015 Transfer App is Open - UGA Undergraduate Admissions

Summer/Fall 2015 Transfer App is Open - UGA Undergraduate Admissions Summer/Fall 2015 Transfer App is Open The Summer/Fall transfer application is now open, along with the Summer/Fall transient applications (summer transient, summer/fall study abroad, etc.). While the application is now open, please take your time completing it. Make sure you are applying for the correct program, the correct campus, the correct term, etc. Here are a few suggestions when applying as a transfer. Review our transfer procedures and requirements, as well as our academic consideration levels. Select the term you wish to attend, not one you have heard is easier to get in (this is a myth). If you select summer, for instance, we expect you to attend for summer, and if you do not, you cannot then attend in the fall. Please send in all the required transcripts after you apply, not before. As well, we need all transcripts from colleges ever attended, even if you attended a college during HS. If a transcript has a different name than the one you applied with, please make sure to let us know so we can match up documents, If you started a freshman application earlier to set up an account, you will need to select the Settings option on your admissions dashboard to change your application type. It is much better to get everything correct before applying rather than try to fix things after you submit an application, so triple check everything. Once you apply, be patient. Review the timelines page on this blog, give us time to match up things, and relax. For document matching purposes, we suggest you give us 10 business days from when you apply or submit transcripts, whichever one comes last. Make sure to monitor your myStatus after sending in transcripts, but give us time to complete your file. Go Dawgs, and be patient!

Women and Disability What They Have to Overcome Essay

Women in today’s society are faced with many obstacles. When you include a disability in that, the struggles that are dealt with become even more enormous. Although there are various resources available, women with disabilities face higher poverty rates compounded with different forms of discrimination as well. The struggle as a woman without a disability is a very difficult one already, but when other factors are added, such as a disability and being poor as well, the struggles become overwhelming. This is true in the story â€Å"I Stand Here Ironing† by Tillie Olsen. Emily has conquered many obstacles with the help of her loving, yet brutally honest mother. Living with a physical disability changes the life of a person. These people are†¦show more content†¦This abuse, no matter how large or small, will most generally lead into other forms of disability. It’s been studied and found that â€Å"abuse negatively impacts women’s ability to manage t heir primary physical disabilities and leads to the onset of debilitating secondary conditions† (Hassouneh-Phillips, Ph. D and McNeff, 229). This, most generally, turns out to be mental health issues, anxiety or depression, but can often lead into additional physical disabilities or worsening the disability they already have. Abuse is, in fact, only one of many trials that may become a large part of who they are. Another of the many obstacles that are faced by women with a disability is poverty. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, in 1999 over 3 million women with a disability between the ages of 21-64 lived below the poverty level. For Emily, this meant being sent away to her fathers’ family at one point and even to a convalescent home because according to her mother â€Å"We were poor and could not afford for her the soil of easy growth† (Olsen, 320). Unfortunately, poverty is all too common in people with disabilities, and especially women. Disabled World st ates â€Å"Supplemental Security Income is one of the main sources of support for people with disabilities.† Most generally, this is barely enough to cover the rent in a one bedroom apartment. There are people with disabilities who are able to maintain employment.Show MoreRelatedThe Mind s Eye By Leslie Bell1463 Words   |  6 PagesEvery human has their own limits. There comes a point where your body can’t physically or mentally overcome some obstacles; but that’s okay. Limitations that can be viewed as hindrances to some, while other’s view their adversities as challenges that will not only strengthen them as a person but allow them to mature through their obstacles. In Leslie Bell’s â€Å"Hard to Get: Twenty-something Women and the Paradox of Sexual Freedom†, Bell coins the term â€Å"splitting† in her writing as a way of thinkingRead MoreSexuality Is An Integral Part Of The Personality Of Everyone934 Words   |  4 Pagesman, woman and child; it is a basic need and aspect of being human that cannot be separated from other aspects life.† People who have physical or intellectual disabilities are often label as non-sexual adults. People don’t talk about sex and disability in the same sentence. It tends to be a taboo area for many people. As a result, more than 50% of disabled people don’t have any form of a regular sex life. For most people, sexuality is a very intimate area in their personal life or in the relationshipRead MoreHow Helen Keller Helped to Improve the World of the Disabled Essay730 Words   |  3 Pagesand adulthood difficulties, and remains to be seen as an extremely positive influence for all women. 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Dealing with gender issues in the work placeRead MoreThe Way Lgbtq Status, Disabilities, And Gender Affect Development1334 Words   |  6 PagesIn this essay, I will be looking at the way LGBTQ status, Disabilities, and Gender affect development. Depending on the culture there can be many ways in which development is affected. Each culture’s view on the previously mentioned areas will determine what happens next. Keep in mind the ways different cultures view these things will have an impact on SES, Education opportunities, and access to Medical care and these can all fur ther impact general health and development at any stage of life.Read MoreThe Modern American View Of Disability1201 Words   |  5 PagesGonzalez 1 Odette Gonzalez Professor Jason Tucker WRI-102-L Assignment 1 3 February 2015 The Modern American View of Disability In Rosmarie Garland -Thomson: â€Å"The politics of Staring†, expresses how our society has changed over time. 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Metabolic Control of Adults With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus...

This paper is to critique a study conducted on the metabolic control of adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus. This one year study examines the impact of education and counseling on the metabolic control specifically in the Mexican population. Burns and Grove (2009) describe sampling as â€Å"a process of selecting subjects, events, behavior, or elements for participation in a study†. In this study, the researchers obtained a sample of the population to be studied by using the self-selection method. The participants were selected from a specific geographic area and adults affected by DMT 2 in ambulatory care setting agreed to be a part of the study after a door to door calling was conducted to identify the subjects. Creatinine level was†¦show more content†¦A nonprobability sampling was utilized. The creatinine level was checked before the participant took part in the study. The study participants had a similar socioeconomic status, same genetic homogeneity, and several years of formal education. The Research and Ethics Committee from the school nursing had a chance to analyze and approve the research proposal before the research begins to contact the participants. The researchers informed the participants of the contents and obtained consent from each participant. Participants were given the guarantee that confidentiality and the concept of beneficence would be respected. It was made clear to the participants that they could withdraw from the study at any time. Participation in the research was also voluntary. Measurements were taken at regular intervals on 5 different occasions. Since HbA1C is generally checked every 3 months the time interval was 3 months and the study went on for one full year which is equal to 12 months. 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It is characterized by chronic hyperglycemia together with disturbances of carbohydrateRead MoreTypes And Types Of Diabetes927 Words   |  4 Pagesglucose to all parts of our bodies for us to use as energy. â€Å"Type one and Type two diabetes mellitus are two separate and distinct pathophysiological entities.† Lippincott, 2010 page 286 .There are two main types of Diabetes. The third type is gestational diabetes. The first type is Diabetes type one. â€Å"Type one (formerly known as type one; insulin–dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) or juvenile diabetes.)† Lippincott, 2012 page1294 Type one cannot be prevented. There are only treatment options onRead MoreDiabetes Mellitus Type 2: A Research1511 Words   |  6 Pagescontributes to a serious metabolic disorder called Diabetes Mellitus Type 2. While not managed by insulin injections, it is nevertheless quite serious and has a number of progressing symptoms that, if not treated properly, can result in cardiovascular, renal and neurological problems, as well as amputation, ocular issues, and even cognitive dysfunction. Type II Diabetes, also known as diabetes mellitus, is also called non-insulin-dependent diabetes or aadult onset diabetes. It is a medical disorder

Sbi Change Management Free Essays

THE WORD CHANGE Change is inequitable; not a respecter of persons. Change is for the better or for the worst, depending on where you view it. Change has an adjustment period, which varies on the individual. We will write a custom essay sample on Sbi Change Management or any similar topic only for you Order Now It is uncomfortable, for changing from one state to the next upsets our control over outcomes. Change has a ripping effect on those who won’t let go. Change is awkward — at first. Change is a muscle that develops to abundantly enjoy the dynamics of the life set before us. Change calls own strength beyond anyone of us. Change pushes you to do your personal best. Change draws out those poised for a new way. Change isn’t for chickens. Change does have casualties of those defeated. Change will cause us to churn or to learn. Change changes the speed of time. Time is so slow for the reluctant, and yet it is a whirlwind for those who embrace it. Change is more fun to do than to be done to. Change seeks a better place at the end and is complete when you realize you are different. Change Management: Change management is a set of processes that is employed to ensure that significant changes are implemented in an orderly, controlled and systematic fashion to effect organizational change. One of the goals of change management is with regards to the human aspects of overcoming resistance to change in order for organizational members to buy into change and achieve the organization’s goal of an orderly and effective transformation. Organizational change management takes into consideration both the processes and tools that managers use to make changes at an organizational level. Most organizations want change implemented with the least resistance and with the most buy-in as possible. For this to occur, change must be applied with a structured approach so that transition from one type of behavior to another organization wide will be smooth. SBI: State Bank of India is the largest state-owned banking and financial services company in India, by almost every parameter – revenues, profits, assets, market capitalization, etc. The bank traces its ancestry to British India, through the Imperial Bank of India, to the founding in 1806 of the Bank of Calcutta, making it the oldest commercial bank in the Indian Subcontinent. The Government of India nationalised the Imperial Bank of India in 1955, with the Reserve Bank of India taking a 60% stake, and renamed it the State Bank of India. In 2008, the Government took over the stake held by the Reserve Bank of India. SBI provides a range of banking products through its vast network of branches in India and overseas, including products aimed at NRIs. The State Bank Group, with over 16,000 branches, has the largest banking branch network in India. With an asset base of $260 billion and $195 billion in deposits, it is a banking behemoth. It has a market share among Indian commercial banks of about 20% in deposits and advances, and SBI accounts for almost one-fifth of the nation’s loans. * The State bank of India is the 29th most reputed company in the world according to Forbes. * State Bank of India is the largest of the Big Four Banks of India, along with ICICI Bank, Axis Bank and HDFC Bank — its main competitors. Change Trigger: Liberalisation of the Indian Banking system: During the 1990s, the Indian economy began a period of rapid growth as the country’s low labor costs, intellectual capital, and improving telecommunications technology allowed India to offer its commercial services on a global basis. This growth was also aided by the government’s decision to allow the creation of private-sector banks (they had been nationalized in the 1960s) Private sector banks made their first appearance in January 1993. The private-sector banks, such as ICICI Bank and HDFC Bank, altered the banking landscape in India. Core banking systems and electronic delivery channels that allowed these banks to introduce new products and provide greater convenience to customers acted as a hurdle for the PSBs. During that period, Public Sector Banks accounted for over three-fourths of total banking industry assets. They were weighed down with huge NPAs(Non-Performing Assets), falling revenues, lack of modern technology and a massive and highly unionized workforce. New entrants began to erode the market share of the nationalized banks, especially in metro cities and urban areas. The PSBs found it increasingly difficult to compete with the new private sector banks and the foreign banks. These banks also employed state-of-the-art technology, which helped them to save on manpower costs and concentrate on providing better service. Changes in SBI: Drivers for a New Core System Though SBI had undertaken a massive computerization effort in the 1990s to automate all of its branches, implementing a highly customized version of Kindle Banking Systems’ Bankmaster core banking system (now owned by Misys). However, because of the bank’s historic use of local processing and the lack of reliable telecommunications in some areas, it deployed a distributed system with operations located at each branch. Although the computerization improved the efficiency and accuracy of the branches, the local implementation restricted customers’ use to their local branches and inhibited the introduction of new banking products and centralization of operations functions. The local implementation prevented the bank from easily gaining a single view of corporate accounts, and management lacked readily available information needed for decision making and strategic planning. The advantages in products and efficiency of the private-sector banks became increasing evident in the late 1990s as SBI (and India’s other public-sector banks) lost existing customers and could not attract the rapidly growing middle market in India. In fact, this technology-savvy market segment viewed the public-sector banks as technology laggards that could not meet their banking needs. In 2002, SBI adopted a new technology that included the implementation of a new centralized core banking system. This effort encompasses the largest 3,300 branches of the bank that were located in city and suburban areas. The State Bank of India’s objectives for its project to modernize core systems included: †¢ The delivery of new product capabilities to all customers, including those in rural areas †¢ The unification of processes across the bank to realize operational efficiencies and improve customer service. Provision of a single customer view of all accounts †¢ The ability to merge the affiliate banks into SBI †¢ Support for all SBI existing products †¢ Reduced customer wait times in branches †¢ Reversal of the customer attrition trend Challenges for the bank: The bank faced several extraordinary challenges in implementing a centralized core processing system. These challenges included finding a new core system that could process approximatel y 75 million accounts daily — a number greater than any bank in the world was processing on a centralized basis. Moreover, the bank lacked experience in implementing centralized systems, and its large employee base took great pride in executing complex transactions on local in-branch systems. This practice led some people to doubt that the employees would effectively use the new system. Initial Conversion Project: The conversion effort began in August 2003, when SBI converted three pilot branches to the BaNCS system. The successful conversion and operation of the pilot branches was followed by the conversion of 350 retail branches with high-net-worth customers between August 2003 and September 2004. At this point, the bank intentionally halted the conversions to analyze and resolve reported problems. After the software and procedural changes were implemented, SBI converted an additional 800 branches between December 2004 and March 2005. Unlike in the previous conversions, this group of branches included predominantly commercially oriented offices. The conversion effort then refocused on retail branches until November 2005, when the bank paused again to resolve problems that came up during this second group of conversions. After the second round of changes, the system and processes were functioning smoothly, and management believed the branch conversion could be accelerated. Based on the successful pilot survey, SBI decided to convert the approximately 6,700 remaining SBI branches to the BaNCS system. The conversion of the remaining branches began in June 2006, with the stated goal of completing the conversion by year-end 2008. Managing the change: The factors which helped SBI in managing such a huge change are as follows: * Senior management commitment. The project was driven by the chairman of SBI, who met every month with the information technology (IT) and the business sector heads. The chairman monitored the overall status and ensured that sufficient resources were allocated to the project. TCS senior managers were thoroughly committed to the project as well and periodically met with the SBI chairman to review the project status. †¢ Staffing and empowerment of project team. The core banking team consisted of the bank’s managing director of IT acting as team head and 75 business and IT people selected by the bank. TCS also staffed the project with approximately 300 IT professionals trained on the BaNCS system. Importantly, the SBI business people were viewed not just as contributors to a key project but as future bank leaders. This team reported to the SBI chairman and was empowered with all decision-making authority. †¢ Ownership by business heads. The regional business line heads were responsible for the success of conversion of their respective branches and reported the status to the chairman. Thus, the business heads’ objectives were aligned with those of the project team. Focus on training: SBI used its network of 58 training centers across India to train employees on the new system. TCS personnel first educated approximately 100 SBI professional trainers, who then trained 100,000 SBI employees at the centers; the remaining employees trained at their respective job sites. Benefits of New Core Systems Implementation The new core system has resulted in benefits throughout the ba nk for both the customers and the employees of SBI. For example, the new core banking system has allowed the bank to redesign processes. It established 400 regional processing centers for all metro and urban branches that have assumed functions previously performed in the individual branches. The customers after implementation of this CBS system were no longer only the â€Å"customer of the branch is no longer only the customer of the branch but has also became the customer of the bank†. Meaning, they can carry out any transaction in any branch of the bank. After implementation of this system the bank has reversed the trend of customer attrition and is now gaining new market share. How to cite Sbi Change Management, Essay examples

Aldi Marketing Strategies for Place and Promotion- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theAldi Marketing Strategies for Place and Promotion. Answer: Introduction Marketing in straightforward definitions can be depicted as offering the correct item at a perfect place at the opportune time and with a privilege price. In increasingly aggressive markets, shoppers make decisions on what products they wish to buy and from what brands. For a company to reach its corporate goals, it has to find out what buyers want and afterward recognize the most ideal way it can utilize to satisfy these necessities and wants. The management experts accentuate on the 4Ps of promotion which are frequently constitutes the marketing blend. These 4Ps are product, price, place, and promotion. A promotion mix is an imperative tool to influence an effective promotion plan to realize an effective product offering. The four Ps of promotion can help accomplishing the corporate targets of customer satisfaction, sales and profits. Building a competitive edge through marketing strategies can be a challenge. Clear objectives should be set as they are vital to the performance of t he promotional activities and the effectiveness of the marketing strategies. This paper explore Aldi Company in Australia, reviewing its marketing strategies and giving recommendations and the new strategies it may incorporate. Background to the company Aldi, a global and privately-owned corporation, is a grocery general store chain with its headquarters in Germany. The enterprise began in 1913 with a grocery shop in Essen, Germany and venture in Australia in 2001 (Aldi.com.au. 2017, p.8). By 1960s this privately-owned company was extended to 300 stores in Germany. At this point the enterprise was divided into two, Aldi Sd based in Mlheim a der Ruhr and Aldi Nord whose headquarters is in Essen. The business was divided over a difference on whether or not cigarettes should be offered in the stores. These two associations now operate independently. The no-frills shopping for groceries encounter concentrates on clients initially providing quality nourishment they're pleased to serve their family, responsive client benefit, regular low costs and a brisk and-simple shopping knowledge with just four to five paths and every one of the essentials. The organization conveys the week by week unquestionable requirements and display them in thei r planned dispatching boxes to enable spare to time and assets to restock racks. Customers discover more than ninety percent of some basic needs it offers are under the Aldi elite trademarks, hand-chosen by Aldi to guarantee that its items meet or surpass the local brands on quality, taste and, obviously, cost. That implies a customer doesn't need to stress over which ketchup brand or Greek yogurt mark is ideal, in light of the fact that Aldi has extraordinarily curated the best item for them. Furthermore, ALDI partners with a wide assortment of farmers, including some nearby agriculturists to offer a wide assortment of new, in-season deliver, including natural fresh vegetables and fruits. Many of Aldi's clients have consistently found that they can spare time and cash without giving up quality (Wood, 2011, p. 77). At Aldi, these little differences are having a major effect in the store and in customer pockets. Aldi has accomplished this through volume acquiring. It concentrate on the most usually acquired basic supply products to facilitate the shopping task for customers. This takes into account sizable rebates which are passed specifically to clients. Also, it has exclusive brand products. Most of what shoppers find in stores are select brand items. Tried in the Aldi Test Kitchen, these items taste the same or superior to national brands and are upheld by Aldi's twofold assurance. Likewise, Aldi keeps away from shrouded costs. The store avoids unnecessary services like keeping money, drug stores and check cashing to save funds for its clients. Finally, each week, Aldi offers many nourishment and non-sustenance items at great value that integrate entirety from miniature kitchen machines and occasional items to cultivating tools and furniture (Ausfoodnews.com.au. 2016). These and other marketing strategies have built Aldi a competitive advantage. Marketing analysis The Nature of Aldis Marketing Strategies since it began. The commerce philosophy by Aldi is to focus on essential ventures and avoid the unnecessary with a specific end goal to give the clients most extreme conceivable investment funds (Dunford, Palmer, and Benveniste, 2005, p. 12). Rather than broadening its opening periods like different rivals in the Australia, all Aldi outlets work within restricted opening periods which appears a clear vital intention. There are no additional services at all Aldi stores, for instance lottery terminals, photograph booths, kids' play region, lavatory, currency trades, vacuuming services, news operator, tobacco stands, a different client service counter or a bistro. This is because, for Aldi, these facilities have expenses which would increase the end expenditure to the buyer. In any Aldi store, there three to seven staff members who run the all the operations of the outlet which is contrary technique to different grocery stores that have many staff members to provide elevated requirements of client bene fit. The firm has accomplished low costs while dealing with employees turnover proportion. Such low employee levels also lower operating costs (Mller-Lankenau, Wehmeyer, and Klein, 2006, p. 30). The fundamental concept that influences Aldi's way to deal with work is the idea of limited variety. The Aldis store estimated floor size is moderately small contrast with the adversary merchants floor space. The standard Aldi outlet has a typical design with just four shopping paths likewise the bundling and displaying goods methodology at Aldi is financially savvy. Conversely, the stores by and large have free parking spots which draws in clients fundamentally. Aldi incorporates the number of inhabitants in the region which ought to be more than thirty thousand. Additionally, the stores should be accessible via good transport and should be visible from highways (Dibb, and Simkin, 2011, p. 100). The sales theory of Aldi is selling products that match the quality of other brands in Australia. Branded items have a lower operating margin. Aldi has embraced a tactic to offer products which are proportional to brands. The key success objective for the enterprise is to attract buyers which hinges on aggressive pricing. As a rebate grocery chain, aggressive pricing constitutes the core of Aldi's selling ideology. Aldi relies on economies of scale. This implies, purchasing items in vast amounts so it provides power for trading the most ideal value which enables Aldi to offer competitive prices (Gupta, 2016, p. 66). Strategic Marketing Options for Aldi moving forward The Australian industry standouts among the most competitive and established (Armstrong, et al, 2014, p. 6). However, it dynamics change frequently. Notwithstanding Aldi's progress in penetrating the Australian grocery market and assuming control over a large market portion, the elements of regularly changing business world can impede its growth (Jokaroh, 2016, p. 18). The Australian purchaser landscape is changing. These buyers predominately need great quality, choices and convenience. They are informed, universally connected and willing to pay for brands that they perceive to have a constructive outcome on society, with an inclination to feasible and domestic production (Ibisworld.com.au. 2017). Also, Lidl, another rebate grocery store chain which has a larger number of stores than Aldi around the world, has plans to venture in Australia. Lidl has worldwide purchasing power, aptitude, and experience, yet offers even lower costs to customers, similar advantages as Aldi. In such vicious rivalry it is difficult to upgrade and grow a company's market share as well as maintaining competitive advantages and strategies. Quality of products is a vital determinant of how well the organization can retain and grow its market share. In this industry, additional services and quality have a positive correlation with organization performance. Rationalizing along these comparable lines, quality enhancement increases competition among the leading grocers (Euromonitor.com. 2017). Yet, there is a hazard related with that tactic as regular fluctuations in the commerce methodology can prompt loss of grasp on the controlling and monitoring of the corporation. Besides, Aldi should develop clear strategies on market targeting. However, Aldi has an incredible scope in offering incentive services. Its internet shopping facility is one such value adding services. Product delivery and online shopping are services that can be effectively executed in this internet era as the ot her major grocery stores are using such strategies. Aldi should maintain its operational efficiency by enhancing its abilities that help its operations regarding appropriate and legitimate usage of its asset maximization of the resources. The uniqueness about Aldi is that they are particular as far as cost cutting so clients can buy products at modest costs without bargaining the quality. Besides, Aldi is a unique discounted store seeking to implement its cost leadership plan. It has used it to reduce the cost of the operation in running the store. With a lot of alternatives available, low costs and great quality, consumer loyalty can be an issue for the firm (Inside FMCG. 2016). Different point-based gifting frameworks and loyalty cards can be acquainted to guarantee stability in market share retaining. The swap and save campaign can be upgrades to assist by redesigning the product framework (Hogan, 2017, p.16). Presently, Aldi is demonstrating the value distinction on the daily papers and commercials which ought to be shown on shopp ing receipts to advise the clients the amount they have spared by shopping in Aldi. Conclusion Marketing strategies determine a companys ability to survive, especially in a competitive market. How well a corporation coordinates its resources to implement its marketing mix can be a source of competitive advantage for a company. Aldi, a multinational firm whose operations are focused in the UK, Germany, and Australia among others. It operates in the grocery industry that is currently undergoing dynamic changes in Australia. Aldi has managed to maintain competitive strategies that has made it a leading company in its industry. It offers products at relatively low prices and simplifies the shopping experience by maintain simple stores that are easily accessible. However, as the environment changes, new rivals are venturing into the Australian market. Lidl which has similar competitive advantages as Aldi could become a strong adversary. Apart from maintaining its current strategies, Aldi could also utilize the internet to offer online shopping options. Bibliography Aldi.com.au. 2017. Australian Made - ALDI Australia. [online] Available at: https://www.aldi.com.au/en/about-aldi/australian-made/. [Accessed 20 Sep. 2017]. Armstrong, G., Adam, S., Denize, S. and Kotler, P., 2014. Principles of marketing. Pearson Australia. Ausfoodnews.com.au. 2016. Aldi aims to increase market share | Australian Food News. [online] Available at: https://www.ausfoodnews.com.au/2016/11/02/aldi-aims-to-increase-market-share.html. [Accessed 20 Sep. 2017]. Dibb, S. and Simkin, L., 2011. Targeting, segments and positioning. International Journal of Retail Distribution Management, 19(3). Dunford, R., Palmer, I.C. and Benveniste, J., 2005. Strategy for successful entry into a concentrated and highly competitive market. In Australian and New Zealand Academy of Management Conference. ANZAM. Euromonitor.com. 2017. Grocery Retailers in Australia. [online] Available at: https://www.euromonitor.com/grocery-retailers-in-australia/report. [Accessed 20 Sep. 2017]. Gupta, A. 2016. Is ALDI creating value through the Marketing Mix?. [online] T2 2016 MPK732 MARKETING MANAGEMENT (CLUSTER B). Available at: https://mpk732t22016clusterb.wordpress.com/2016/07/24/is-aldi-creating-value-through-the-marketing-mix/. [Accessed 20 Sep. 2017]. Hogan, A. 2017. Aldi announces new business strategy | Australian Food News. [online] Ausfoodnews.com.au. Available at: https://www.ausfoodnews.com.au/2017/05/15/Aldi-announces-new-business-strategy.html. [Accessed 20 Sep. 2017]. Ibisworld.com.au. 2017. Supermarkets and Grocery Stores in Australia Market Research | IBISWorld. [online] Available at: https://www.ibisworld.com.au/industry-trends/market-research-reports/retail-trade/food-retailing/supermarkets-grocery-stores.html.[Accessed 20 Sep. 2017]. Inside FMCG. 2016. Aldi charts expansion plans - Inside FMCG. [online] Available at: https://insidefmcg.com.au/2016/11/04/aldi-charts-expansion-plans/#daily.[Accessed 20 Sep. 2017]. Jokaroh 2016. Aldis Audacious Marketing Strategy: Is This The End Of Supermarket Duopoly In Australia?. [online] T1 2016 MPK732 Marketing Management (Cluster B). Available at: https://mpk732t12016clusterb.wordpress.com/2016/04/09/aldis-audacious-marketing-strategy-is-this-the-end-of-supermarket-duopoly-in-australia-4/. [Accessed 20 Sep. 2017]. Mller-Lankenau, C., Wehmeyer, K. and Klein, S., 2006. Strategic channel alignment: an analysis of the configuration of physical and virtual marketing channels. Information Systems and e-Business Management, 4(2), pp.187-216. Murphy, J., 2015. The secret to Aldi's super low prices. [online] The New Daily. Available at: https://thenewdaily.com.au/money/finance-news/2015/05/24/secret-aldis-super-low-prices/. [Accessed 20 Sep. 2017]. Wood, Z. 2011. Aldi effect is back: spending squeeze lifts discounter into profit. [online] the Guardian. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/business/2011/oct/04/Aldi-effect-back-discounter-profit. [Accessed 20 Sep. 2017].

Capital Punishment Essays (1872 words) - Penology,

Capital Punishment Capital Punishment has been an issue of arguments for centuries. This topic was even of more importance during the 1700's than the present, because the quantities of punished people were significantly larger than now. In that time it was easy for an individual to loose his life for a small crime. In this research paper we will examine the views of two different types of people on this subject. The first person is a reverend from 18th century London, and the other is an American doctor from the same period. In the arguments of both gentlemen we can find similarities that lead us to understand the sentiment toward the issue during the 17th century. Revered E. Gillepsy begins his sermon with the definition of the meaning of being virtuous. He states that some one with good virtue will wish for world happiness. That person is to apply that wish through actions. These actions will be rewarded in both the present life as in the future one. Another strong point that Rev. Gillepsy presents is that the laws of nations should be made according to religion. They should obey God instead of man. Even if the rules of man justify taking away lives, this does not mean that God agrees with such laws. He means that the feelings taught by religion should overrule feelings extracted from political affairs.Rev. Gillepsy also talks about the sentiment of the people. He claims that is mankind was influenced entirely by the spirit of Christianity, they would never seek the death of another human being. People should see themselves in the shoes of other people, "Do on to others as you would like done upon you." Man should never have to fall under a human executioner. Instead he should care for the criminal and give mercy. Rev. Gillepsy has many thoughts on the punishments that follow criminal apprehension. He says that the system does a poor job in the prevention of crimes. He also mentions that if the system is not changed, there is a risk of revenge from heaven. His worries on capital punishment are related with the little proportion between crime and punishment. He provides the reader with examples of some crimes that have been punished with death. One of those is the stealing of property. Amounts as low as 12-Pence have been seen as enough to kill a man. Other crimes include: breaking a fish pond, causing the fish to die; cutting a tree in a garden; associating with gypsies; witchcraft; sorcery, charm and enchantments. He cannot understand how society can possibly think that the life of fish or a tree can be seen as equal to the life of a human being. Rev. Gillepsy states that sanguinary laws are sign of disorder in a state. For example, the laws of the Romans Decemuiri were full of cruel punishments. Then there were the partion law which exempted all citizens from death sentence and they flourished. Under the emperors severe punishments were delivered and their empires fell. Gillepsy asks how capital punishment can be seen as an act of prudence, when the greatest act of prudence is preserving life. They are acting criminally by destroying life. Rev. Gillepsy also expresses a sentiment of possession. He says that God gave man the Earth for him to rule. He also gave him control over all things on Earth, but he did not give him control over each other. Therefore, God does not permit to ultimately control each other by taking away the lives of those facing punishment. Some alternatives to the death sentence are also given in the sermon. He says that a convicted felon should be forced to work until he repays what he owes. He sees this alternative as very effective because it restores property, employs the culprit and it answers to al ends of justice and society. However he suggests that the price of labour be less than the price of regular labourers and their diet be poorer. All these in order to deter people from committing crimes. Another alternative to capital punishment should be the exile of criminals. By sending the accused to another part of the world he is returning to duty of a community and

Red and White Mulberry Information and Identification

Red and White Mulberry Information and Identification Red mulberry or Morus rubra is native and widespread in the eastern U.S. It is a rapid-growing tree of valleys, flood plains, and moist, low hillsides. This species attains its largest size in the Ohio River Valley and reaches its highest elevation (600 meters or 2,000 feet) in the southern Appalachian foothills. The wood is of little commercial importance. The trees value is derived from its abundant fruits, which are eaten by people, birds, and small mammals. The white mulberry, Morus alba, is native to China and has several differences including size, foliage, and color of fruit. Fast Facts: Red Mulberry Scientific name: Morus rubraPronunciation: MOE-russ RUBE-ruhFamily: MoraceaeUSDA hardiness zones: 3a through 9Origin: Native to North AmericaUses: Bonsai; shade tree; specimen; no proven urban toleranceAvailability: Somewhat available, may have to go out of the region to find the tree Native Range Red mulberry extends from Massachusetts and southern Vermont west through the southern half of New York to extreme southern Ontario, southern Michigan, central Wisconsin and southeastern Minnesota; south to Iowa, southeastern Nebraska, central Kansas, western Oklahoma and central Texas; and east to southern Florida. It is also found in Bermuda. Description Size: 60 feet tall; 50 foot spreadBranches: Dense branches that droop as the tree grows, and will require pruning for clearance; should be trained to a single leader.Leaf: Alternate, simple, broadly ovate to roughly orbicular, pointed, 3 to 5 inches long, serrate margin, even base, rough and fuzzy undersidesTrunk and Bark: Showy trunk; Gray colors with flattened and scaly ridges.Flower and Buds: Small and inconspicuous flowers with off-center buds; usually dioecious but can be monoecious (both male and female flowers on different branches); male and female flowers are stalked axillary pendulous catkins and appear in April and MayFruit: Reddish black and resembling blackberries; reach full development from June to August; composed of many small drupelets developed from separate female flowers ripening togetherBreakage: Susceptible to breakage either at the crotch due to poor collar formation, or the wood itself is weak and tends to break. Special Uses Red mulberry is noted for its large, sweet fruits. A favored food of most birds and a number of small mammals including opossum, raccoon, fox squirrels, and gray squirrels the fruits also are used in jellies, jams, pies, and drinks. Red mulberry is used locally for fence posts because the heartwood is relatively durable. Other uses of the wood include farm implements, cooperage, furniture, interior finish, and caskets. In landscape use. the species is considered invasive and fruits cause a mess on walks and driveways. For this reason, only fruitless cultivars are recommended. Differentiating White Mulberry When compared to red mulberry, the white mulberry has several key differences:Size: Smaller, at 40 feet tall and 40 foot spreadBranches: Less dense with fewer branchesLeaf: Brighter green, smoother, and more rounded with uneven basesTrunk and Bark: Brown with thick and braiding ridgesFlower and Buds: Centered budsFruit: Less sweet, smaller, and lighter in color, with creamy brownish white berries that start as green, purple, or even black; only females bear fruit Red and White Mulberry Hybrids Red mulberry hybridizes frequently with white mulberry, which has become naturalized and somewhat more common than its native sister throughout parts of the Eastern United States.

Response to a newspaper editorial Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Response to a newspaper editorial - Essay Example On the contrary, Steve Jobs and his counterparts know what other parents do not - the dangers of technology – and for that reason, they ensure their families and technology are worlds apart. Parents and kids, particularly those who use the iPad, would find this article very useful. Perhaps there is the need for a rethinking on this subject. The explosive growth of digital devices and smartphones is transforming the lives of children, at home and in school. Research reveals that even the youngest children are present online, using smartphones and tablets, and downloading apps. Consumer Reports published last year reveal that over 7.5 million children in America under age 13 are using Facebook, which technically requires all users to be 13 years and above to be eligible to open an account. Nobody has an idea on what technology and media use will mean for children as they grow up. Pawlowski’s does not directly hit at the iPads for children, but her major concern is that children are more prone to mess up with the devices if not supervised. In essence, she argues that technology is not evil for children as Steve Jobs portrays in his stringent measures against the use of the devices back at home, but parents should keenly monitor and regulate the same. Her strongest evidence to support this position lies in the recommendations tabled by the American Academy for Pediatrics, in which children and teenagers should not spend more than two hours a day using the gadgets and that children under two years should be allowed half an hour daily so long as the activity is one that engages them. Precisely, parents should ration technology use similar to the administration of a balanced diet. Only this way will the children enjoy the benefits of digital technology in a healthy way. This trend calls for intensified supervision by parents to realize its effectiveness. The problem with the recommendation above is that parents are

Enhancing CSR in Saudi Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Enhancing CSR in Saudi - Essay Example This is in contrast to the Saudi government’s attempts to normalize the practice as a core business of the private sector. Moreover, social responsibility under Islamic teachings is obligatory with the Quran holding that there is due share for the deprived and beggars in wealth (Emtairah et al, 2009). This paper will seek to address what can be done to enhance CSR in Saudi Arabia at the government level, society level, and at the individual level. The belief held by sections of the Saudi society and corporations that CSR is a government responsibility requires concerted efforts by the government in steering debate by the public towards enhancing the acceptance by corporations of their CSR duties (Emtairah et al, 2009). This will also benefit the creation of a healthier society and stimulate growth of enterprise. The government’s role in convincing the private sector and motivating them to accept their obligations under CSR, however, may be inconsistent with free-market practices. Theoretically, the state should desist from forcing the private sector to act in any manner that is not dictated by market forces. Private corporations are, primarily, assumed to offer shareholders reasonable returns for their capital and Saudi business-people have interacted with Western capitalism for a while (Emtairah et al, 2009). Therefore, it will be difficult to alter perceptions, especially as there is increasing emphasis on profit and giving shareholders the highest returns financially. However, unlike the business community in the capitalist West, the government should take advantage of the fact that Saudi Arabia’s objectives of profit maximization do not mean that social problems cannot be solved economically as part of CSR. The government should seek to engage the private sector in debate about CSR from the perspective that there are differences between non-market factors and market factors, treating each aspect

A Child Labour In India Children And Young People Essay

A Child Labour In India Children And Young People Essay Child labour is undoubtedly a human rights issue. It is not only exploitative but also endangers childrens physical, cognitive, emotional, social, and moral development. It perpetuates poverty because a child labour, deprived of education or healthy physical development, is likely to become an adult with low earning prospects.[1]This is a vicious cycle which apart from ruining the lives of many results in an overall backwardness in the masses. Moreover, conceptualising child labour as a human rights issue gives the victim with the authority to hold violators liable. Human rights generate legal grounds for political activity and expression, because they entail greater moral force than ordinary legal obligations. Children are right holders with the potential to make valuable contributions to their own present and future well being as well as to the social and economic development of the society and thus they should under no circumstances be perceived as passive and vulnerable. Today, traditionally prescribed interventions against child labour which were welfare based like providing a minimum age for work are being replaced by rights-based approach. A rights-based approach to child labour needs to be adopted which puts internationally recognized rights of children to the center while utilizing UDHR, ICCPR and ICESCR as a supportive framework. Child labour is a condition from which the children have a right to be free and it is not merely an option for which regulating standards must be devised. In this paper we shall firstly trace the slow orientation of child labour laws to include human rights perspective internationally, and then evaluate current Indian laws and policies from a human rights perspective II. A Human rights approach to child labour Initially, scholars were unsure over extending human rights to children.[2] For instance, the 1948 Universal declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) emphasises that everyone is entitled to all rights and freedoms set forth in the declaration but makes no age qualification to the same. So it is unclear whether it extends to children. However, Art.4 of UDHR has been interpreted as prohibiting exploitation of child labour by interpreting servitude to include child labour.[3] In addition, Articles 23 and 26 of the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights seek to guarantee just and favorable conditions of work and the right to education, both of which are violated constantly and globally through the exercise of the worst forms of child labor. In 1966 the International Covenant on economic, social and cultural rights (ICESCR) and International Covenant on civil and political rights (ICCPR) took significant preliminary steps towards modifying human rights according to age, by defining childhood as a state requiring special protection, with rights distinct to those of adults.[4] Even so it was not until 1989 that the Convention on Rights of Children (CRC) clearly spelt out the rights of the child while giving them a special status apart from the adults. Thus, it should not be surprising that early international legal efforts to address child labour tended to be abolitionist in tone and treated as an aspect of labour market regulation.[5] Next, a prioritization approach was adopted where concentration was on the more abusive forms of child labour. So the ILO adopted Convention 182 on the Worst Forms of Child Labor, 1999, aimed at the immediate elimination of intolerable forms of child labor. The convention requires signatories to work with business groups to identify hazardous[6] forms of child labor and introduce time-bound programs for eliminating them. Conventions 138 and 182 are recognised as core International Labour Organization (ILO) conventions but unfortunately human rights groups have done much to criticise it. They argue that this artificial division of hazardous and non-hazardous forms of child labour is artificial and made only for the benefit of labour regulations. Child labour in any form is very harmful and exploitative for the children.[7] Secondly, child labour, as defined by ILO is work done by children under the age of 12; work by children under the age of 15 that prevents school attendance; and work by children under the age of 18 that is hazardous to their physical or mental health. It is an economic activity or work that interferes with the completion of a childs education or that is harmful to children in any way.[8]Such an age based classification is incongruous and is behind time.[9] The right to a childhood cannot be replaced by placing such age barriers which imply at least some work could be done by children at even age 12! Where is the best interest of child seen in such laws? Fortunately, a human rights approach to child labour was soon adopted by Convention on Rights of the Child (CRC) in 1989. Such rules focus not only on the avoidance of harm to children but as well, on regulation of employment relationship in which working children find themselves and beyond that, on rights of children to education and to participate in decisions that affect their lives, including those related to their employment. This holistic view of child labour as only a part of a childs life is principally what sets human rights approach apart from the labour regulation approach.[10] However, some critique of CRC feel that categorizing child labour as a special category has trivialized their rights and have made them weak and in need of an adult advocate. Conversely, the defenders of CRC argue that it is through this classification that children gain more rights with legally recognized interests which are specific to their stage in life cycle. The slavery convention, 1926 and Supplementary convention on abolition of slavery, the slave trade, institutions and practices similar to slave trade, 1956 entered into force in 1957 prohibits slavery like practice under Art 1. In recent times Child labour has been read as a slave like practice as it involves economic exploitation. Since children are more vulnerable than adults and are dependent on their parents, it can be assumed that when they are economically exploited by their parents or by their consent, the decree of dependency necessary for work to b qualified as slavery like practice will be attained in most cases. In the light of ICCPR (art 8(2)) and Supplementary convention on abolition of slavery, the slave trade, institutions and practices similar to slave trade, 1956, Art.4 of UDHR should be interpreted as prohibiting exploitation of child labour as child labour comes under servitude. Child labour also comes under the term forced or compulsory labour in Art.8(3) of ICCPR. The obligations of state parties under art 8 are immediate and absolute. Thus state parties have to prevent private parties from violating child labour norms. Art 24, ICCPR obliges the state to protect children from economic exploitation. III. Convention on rights of child United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child is the first legally binding international instrument to incorporate a full range of human rights such as civil, cultural, economic, political and social rights for children. The Convention offers a vision of the child as an individual and as a member of a family and community, with rights and responsibilities appropriate to his or her age and stage of development. By recognizing childrens rights in this way, the Convention firmly sets the focus on the whole child. The Convention under Art.32 speaks of economic exploitation of children by making them perform work that is likely to be hazardous or to interfere with the childs education, or to be harmful to the childs health or physical, mental, spiritual, moral or social development. The Convention spells out a childs right to education[11], as well as identifying the forms of harm to which children should not be exposed. Other rights given to children include right to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of health and to abolish traditional practices that are prejudicial to childrens health (Article 24), a right to a standard of living adequate for the childs physical, mental, spiritual, moral and social development; parents have the main responsibility for this, but governments are required within their means to assist parents, as well as to provide material assistance and support in case of need(Article 27) and a right to rest and leisure, to engage in play and recreational activi ties appropriate to the age of the child. Article 22 specifies that refugee children have the same rights as all other children. Article 6 of the convention makes it the obligation of the governments to ensure that children are able to survive and develop to the maximum extent possible while Article 11 urges governments to prevent the illicit transfer and non-return of children abroad. Under Article 19, Governments must take action to protect children against all forms of physical or mental violence, injury, abuse, neglect, maltreatment or exploitation, including sexual abuse[12] and must provide special protection and assistance to children who are deprived of their own family environment under article 20. Article 35, requires governments to take action to prevent children from being trafficked while articles Article 36 and 39 requires governments to protect children against all other forms of exploitation prejudicial to any aspects of the childs welfare and to help children recover from exploitation, neglect or abuse (particularly their physical and psychological recovery and return and reintegration into th e communities they come from). Two other provisions in the Convention are also vitally important for working children. Article 3 says government agencies and other institutions taking action concerning a child or children must base their decisions on what is in the childrens best interests. Article 12 emphasises that when a child is capable of forming his or her views, these should be given due attention, in accordance with the childs age and maturity. Other conventions of interest include Optional protocol to the convention on rights of child on sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography and Optional protocol to the convention on rights of child on the involvement of children in armed conflict both adopted in May, 2000. IV. India and its International commitments India has ratified six ILO conventions[13] relating to child labour but have not ratified the core ILO conventions on minimum age for employment (convention 138) and the worst forms of child labour, (convention 182) recognised as the core conventions at the international labour conference which makes it mandatory for the international community to follow certain standards in their crusade against child labour. Nevertheless, India has taken commendable steps to eliminate child labour. The recent right of children to free and compulsory education Act, 2009 and the preceding 86th amendment exemplifies the same. Furthermore, the passing of Juvenile Justice (care and protection) Act, 2006 shows Indias commitment to a human rights approach to child labour. The Act emphasises on looking into the best interests of the child and allows for social reintegration of child victims. In such a scenario India not signing the core labour conventions does not make a difference in the fight against child labour. India is a party to the UNdeclaration on the Rights of the Child 1959. India is also a signatory to the World Declaration on the Survival, Protection and Development of Children. More, importantly India ratified the Convention on the Rights of the Child on 12 November 1992.[14] Other important international initiatives against child labour include the adoption of the first Forced Labor Convention (ILO, No. 29), 1930, Stockholm Declaration and Agenda for Action: States that a crime against a child in one place is a crime anywhere, 1996, establishment of 12 June as the World Day Against Child Labor in 2002 by ILO and the first global economic study on the costs and benefits of elimination of child labour.[15] V. Indian laws on child labour The present regime of laws in India relating to child labour are consistent with the International labour conference resolution of 1979 which calls for combination of prohibitory measures and measures for humanising child labour wherever it cannot be immediately outrun.[16] In 1986 Child labour (Prohibition and regulation) Act was passed, which defines a child as a person who has not completed 14 years of age. The act also states that no child shall be employed or permitted to work in any of the occupations set forth in Part A or in the process set forth in Part B, except in the process of family based work or recognised school based activities. Through a notification dated 27 January 1999, the schedule has been substantially enlarged to add 6 more occupations and 33 processes to schedule, bringing the total to 13 occupations and 51 processes respectively. The government has amended the civil service (conduct) rules to prohibit employment of a child below 14 years by a government employee. Similar changes in state service rules have also been made. The framers of the Indian Constitution consciously incorporated relevant provisions in the constitution to secure compulsory primary education as well as labour protection for children. If the provisions of child labour in international conventions such as ILO standards and CRC are compared with Indian standards, it can be said that Indian constitution articulates high standards in some respects The constitution of India, under articles 23,24, 39 ( c) and (f), 45 and 21A guarantees a child free education, and prohibits trafficking and employment of children in factories etc. The articles also protect children against exploitation and abuse. Equality provisions in the constitution authorises affirmative action policies on behalf of the child. The National child labour policy (1987) set up national child labour projects in areas with high concentration of child labour in hazardous industries or occupations, to ensure that children are rescued from work and sent to bridge schools which facilitate mainstreaming. It is now recognised that every child out of school is a potential child labour and most programs working against child labour tries to ensure that every child gets an education and that children do not work in situations where they are exploited and deprived of a future. Similarly, there are other programmes like National authority for elimination of child labour, 1994 (NAECL) and National resource centre on child labour, 1993 (NRCCL). Recently, government of India notified domestic child labour, and child labour in dhabas, hotels, eateries, spas and places of entertainment as hazardous under the child labour (prohibition and regulation) Act, 1986, effective from 10-10-2006. National human rights commission has played an important role in taking up cases of worst forms of child labour like bonded labour. In 1991 in a silk weaving village of Karnataka called Magdi it held an open hearing which greatly sensitised the industry and civil societies. It also gave rise to new NCLP programmes.[17] VI. Judicial reflections Judiciary in India has taken a proactive stand in eradicating child labour. In the case of M.C. Mehta v. State of Tamil Nadu and Ors[18], this Court considered the causes for failure to implement the constitutional mandate vis- ¿Ã‚ ½-vis child labour. It was held that the State Government should see that adult member of family of child labour gets a job. The labour inspector shall have to see that working hours of child are not more than four to six hours a day and it receives education at least for two hours each day. The entire cost of education was to be borne by employer. The same was reiterated in Bandhua Mukti Morcha v.UOI[19] and directions were given to the Government to convene meeting of concerned ministers of State for purpose of formulating policies for elimination of employment of children below 14 years and for providing necessary education, nutrition and medical facilities. It was observed in both the case that it is through education that the vicious cycle of poverty and child labour can be broken. Further, well-planned, poverty-focussed alleviation, development and imposition of trade actions in employment of the children must be undertaken. Total banishment of employment may drive the children and mass them up into destitution and other mischievous environment, making them vagrant, hard criminals and prone to social risks etc. Immediate ban of child labour would be both unrealistic and counter-productive. Ban of employment of children must begin from most hazardous and intolerable activities like slavery, bonded labour, trafficking, prostitution, pornography and dangerous forms of labour and the like.[20] Also, in case of PUCL v. UOI and Ors[21] children below 15 years forced to work as bonded labour was held to be violative of Article 21 and hence the children were to be compensated. The court further observed that such a claim in public law for compensation for contravention of human rights and fundamental freedoms, the protection of which is guaranteed in the Constitution, is an acknowledged remedy for enforcement and protection of such rights. However, Human rights experts criticise the scheme of payment of compensation envisage in Child labour act and further adopted by the Judiciary with gusto.[22] They say that monetary compensation is like washing away ones conscious which still believes that if a child labour is sent to school he must be compensated for the amount which he might have got if he had worked instead. This only confuses the already divided opinion of the society today which still thinks that poor and needy children are better off working. VII. Conclusions India has done well in enacting suitable legislations and policies to combat child labour. Nonetheless, its implementation at grass root level is very much lacking. The child labour laws today are like a scarecrow which does not eliminate child labour but only shifts it geographically to other places, to other occupations like agriculture which may be less paying or it might be still continued clandestinely.[23] The lack of a specialised enforcement officer leads to lesser attention being given to child labour legislations. Furthermore, many of the child labour programmes remain poorly funded. Child labour is a complex problem which cannot be eliminated without first attacking it at the roots. Thus, poverty, unemployment, lack of social security schemes, illiteracy and the attitude of society need to be tackled first before any progress can be made. A starting point can be to treat Child labour as a human rights problem and discouraging its manifestation in any form. If the society as such sees child labour as a social malaise, we will be much closer at achieving success. Lastly, there is a lot of debate over the age from which child labour should be banned. The ILO conventions do not give a definite age, 14 years seems to be the general understanding but CRC defines a child to be below 18 years. Right to education is for children below 14 years and Child labour is prohibited till age of 14 years. This brings the question as to whether children of age 14-18 years are to be denied basic human rights and are to be left vulnerable.

Abraham Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

Abraham Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs and the Road to Self-Actualization PSY 330: Theories of Personality January 30th, 2012 Abraham Maslow: Hierarchy of Needs and the Road to Self-Actualization Abraham Maslow was an American theorist that was one of the advocates of humanistic psychology. He believed that self-actualization is â€Å"a situation that exists when a person is acting in accordance with his or her full potential† (Hergenhahn & Olson, 2011).I will illustrate the key concepts of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs of humans, research the methodologies of his concept, and address how self-actualization has conceptualized on this type of personality development. His contribution to humanistic psychology has helped self-help enthusiasts, educators, and business proprietors alike. Maslow's hierarchy of need was one of the main theories that assisted in paving the route to what he believed was self-actualization.Because Positive regard assists in the growth of motiva tion, there are certain essential functional needs that human needs, and Humans can fulfill their full potential in a positive manner. Who was Abraham H. Maslow? Abraham Maslow was born in Brooklyn, New York on April 1, 1908. His parents were immigrants from Russia who were poor and had six other children after Abraham. He spent his time mostly by himself and liked to read. Being that he was Jewish in a neighborhood that was not he felt unhappy and lonely.As a child he had parents that were emotionally and verbally abusive towards him and over time he grew to have strong feelings of hatred especially for his mother. He eventually made amends with his father, but never did so with his mother. When Maslow transferred from City College of New York to Cornell University in 1927; his introduction to Psychology was unexceptional at best. Maslow’s professor Edward B. Tichener lectured â€Å"scientific introspection† that he found to be â€Å"cold and boring, and caused him t o lose interest in psychology temporarily† (Hergenhahn & Olson, 2011). A year later he went back to City College of New York.He went on to the University of Wisconsin where he received a Bachelor’s Degree in 1930, his Master’s Degree in 1931, and his Doctoral Degree in 1934. While living in Wisconsin, â€Å"Maslow married his first cousin and childhood sweetheart, Bertha Goodman, and they eventually had two children† (Hergenhahn & Olson, 2011). In the mid 1930’s, Maslow worked as a Carnegie fellow for 18 months under theorist Edward L. Thorndike. Thorndike’s theories were similar to the studies of theorists Pavlov and B. F. Skinner. He theorized â€Å"animal intelligence and applied animal to human educational experiences† (Indiana. edu, 2012).Thorndike emphasis was on Behaviorism and Psychoanalysis. The type of people he was interested in like Albert Einstein were people that had solid evidence of them doing whatever they needed to do to achieve their highest potential. Maslow found their innovative ways of creativity to be one that needed to be studied and examined. Throughout the 1940’s and early 1950’s he continued to strengthen his interest with people that he considered to be â€Å"self-actualizers, looking back at history, he studied individuals such as Abraham Lincoln, Jane Adams, Albert Einstein and Albert Schweitzer† (strenghtfoundation. rg).By the late 1950’s, along with Clark Moustakeas, who was another revolutionary psychologist, set up â€Å"two meetings that were held in Detroit among psychologists who were interested in founding a professional association dedicated to a more meaningful, more humanistic vision† (strenghtfoundation. org). This was where the â€Å"Third Force†, Humanistic Psychology began to take form. Many topics were discussed that fell under the same umbrella on how self-actualization is manifested and what were the building blocks of oneà ¢â‚¬â„¢s originality.Three years after the meetings Brandels University sponsored the introduction of the â€Å"American Association for Humanistic Psychology† (strenghtfoundation. org). This was the beginning of one of the groundbreaking contributions to Psychology Abraham Maslow has done. Another way that Maslow has contributed to Psychology by making sure through gatherings, meetings, lectures, and theory that the matter of humanistic psychology is just as valuable and needed to be taught as that of Pavlov’s theory of behaviorism and that of Freudian’s psychoanalysis theory.As a prophet of human potential, Maslow believed the realization of one’s total potential variously described as self-realization to be the ultimate goal of all human kind† (Dhiman, 2007). He did this with extensive research and by working with theorist that shared the same interests, like Carl Rogers. He did his bit on teaching at a university, but quickly found out that he d id not like it very much and had the students teach the class as he monitored. The times that he did lecture the class, he asked questions that broaden the horizons of how the student saw themselves in the future.The questions were similar to â€Å"Who wants to be president? â€Å"Or a great composer†, and even an aspiration to be a saint? † (Dhiman, 2007). I believe this gave the students a platform to start thinking of a broader prospective for them and create what they needed to build their motivation to do and be anything that they can imagine to be. This drive or push in their self-esteem is one of the best ways to feel like they are needed and wanted. According to a book written and reviewed by R.J Lowry, it was an assembly of eight articles that were written by Maslow and his research on humans and the â€Å"character structure†; one of the articles depicted his â€Å"theory of human motivation and his concept on the hierarchy of human needs† (Lowr y, 1975).Maslow’s Hierarchy of Human needs is one of his most popular theories. Maslow’s focal point on his theory of motivation was the concept was that humans have a set of needs. According to our text, the â€Å"hierarchy of human needs is an arrangement of the needs from lowest to highest in terms of their potency† (Hergenhahn & Olson, 2011). see figure1). Abraham Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs [pic] Figure 1, Maslow Enhanced 2011. This figure illustrates the various levels of Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs. Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs was one of the main theories that assisted in paving the route to what he believed was self-actualization.The lowest part of the pyramid is the Biological and Physiological needs. One would think that basic life needs like â€Å"air, food, drink, shelter, warmth, etc. , would be an essential need. How would we as humans, be able to live without it. To Maslow he didn’t look at it that way. According to Maslow, p sychology has overemphasized the importance of such needs in determining the behavior of humans in a modern society; a person’s life cannot be dominated by hunger or thirst† (Hergenhahn & Olson, 2011). He was interested in knowing what happens when the needs of the physiological nature have been met. The second tier on the pyramid is Safety Needs. Feeling safe and secure means so much for many. Having that need builds a sense of trust that everything is going to be alright. It is of great gratification for humans that are able to not worry about harm.Inching closer to the top and in actuality right in the middle is my favorite, Love Needs and Belongingness. This tier incorporates the need of affection, relationships, family, etc. Making a connection to a person and/or group is a very important need to some individuals. I’ve seen that the lack of this need has left some individuals feeling lonely and not having a sense of purpose. In some cases, these individuals ended up being very depressed. The fourth tier that is closest to the top and the second most important tier is Esteem Needs.According to the Journal of Asset Management, esteem needs are â€Å"the desire for achievement, confidence to face the world, independence, freedom, the desire for reputation and prestige, recognition, attention, and importance† (De Brouwer, 2009). I would think that these are the needs that one needs in order to build self-esteem. These needs include â€Å"respect, recognition, and confidence† (strenghtfoundation. org). Having this type of need is important in any dynamic of family, employees, friendship, and companionship. Feeling validated and a sense of importance can be viewed as really important, it did to Maslow.He advised that lack of esteem needs â€Å"results in discouragement and feelings of inferiority† (Hergenhahn & Olson, 2011). The final and top tier is self-actualization. Self-actualization â€Å"the highest level in the hierarchy of needs, which can be reached only if the preceding need levels have been adequately satisfied† (Hergenhahn & Olson, 2011). This is where the individual is living and being at their highest potential. The tier describes it as reaching the need of personal growth and fulfillment. As a student, I know that I am doing whatever there is possible to reach this need.I did once with my job. I felt that whatever task and/or issue that I was given gave me the necessary tools and resources to help me feel that I was on the right track of achieving this very need. Since then I was laid off with hundreds of others. I have yet found a job that I could feel that way again. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs has been used as a backdrop for corporate markets, economic structures, and personality development. For example, Maslow’s theory has been used to â€Å"predict development of Quality of Life in countries over time† (Hagerty, 1999).This prediction was done to a s eries of â€Å"88 countries from 1960-1994† (Hagerty, 1999). All were being researched against Maslow’s level of needs. Could humans and/or even countries strive and achieve growth and potential coming from a terrible circumstance. Do they have to have these needs in place to transition to the next level? Some people thought that Maslow’s theory could be challenged. A writer of an article about Maslow wrote: â€Å"that there were many people who have grown despite or even because of tough circumstances† (strenghtfoundation. org).Maslow did have some doubts but still stood by on how people thrive through a hopeful atmosphere. Human nature has shown differences and what are alike in this hierarchy of needs. Most of the examples are in social atmospheres. Teenagers for example seek acceptance from their peers. As a teen, I wanted to feel I was part of my group and I wanted them to like me. I saw how the treated those that they didn’t care for and I di d not want that to happen to me. As I grew older I didn’t really have that need of acceptance. I see that my son as a young boy doesn’t care if he is accepted or not.He has friends, but he feels that he doesn’t have to jump through hoop to keep them or make them like him. Generally, it is common for most individuals to want to feel safe and secure. Having a sense of fear is not healthy. It can bring forth anxiety that could be detrimental to other areas in their life. Many humans see that they can’t live without the physiological need. If I was asked before reading more about the hierarchy of needs, I would say that that would be the most important need. If we don’t eat we will not survive. Maslow has me thinking twice.This need is a never ending cycle and we have to meet it. The other needs to some could be conditional or something that they don’t deem to be important. A healthy outlook would be that of seeing these needs as a transitional platform to move on to the next goal. Some of the time we don’t get everything aligned together and needs met when they are supposed to. These are the times when an individual can find that this experience could be difficult to deal with. This would be an example to be unhealthy. Some people would obsess on the fact that they are lacking, lonely, and not achieving their highest potential.Most people don’t really know how to handle these circumstances and deal with them on a negative way. Others know how to look at the glass as half full then half empty and take a more positive approach to achieving their needs. Maslow believed that â€Å"all human needs including the need for self-actualization were instinctoid, it must be the environment (society, culture) that determines the highest level of attainment in the hierarchy of needs† (Hergenhahn & Olson, 2011). In my experience, the needs that are described in Maslow’s hierarchy are those that I am constantl y tried to move up to and maintain for as long as I remember.The some such as love needs, physiological, and safety needs are constantly going in and out of not being met. I know that I don’t live my life dwelling on what I don’t have. I believe very much in myself that I would be able to have those needs met. In conclusion, theory of the achieving the goal to self-actualization relies on the hierarchy of needs that I have illustrated in depth. Individuals are given the opportunity to achieve these needs and move up higher in the tier. Maslow's hierarchy of need was one of the main theories that assisted in paving the route to what he believed was self-actualization.Because Positive regard assists in the growth of motivation, there are certain essential functional needs that human needs, and humans can fulfill their full potential in a positive manner. References: Hergenhahn, B. & Olson, M. (2011). An introduction to theories of personality (8th ed). De Brouwer, P.. (2 009). Maslowian Portfolio Theory: An alternative formulation of the Behavioural Portfolio Theory. Journal of Asset Management, 9(6), 359-365. Retrieved January 29, 2012, from ABI/INFORM Global. (Document ID: 1645869911). Dhiman, S.. (2007). Personal Mastery: Our Quest for Self-Actualization,Meaning, and Highest Purpose. Interbeing, 1(1), 25-35. Retrieved January 29, 2012, from ABI/INFORM Global. (Document ID: 1680535071 Lowry, R. J. (1975). Dominance, Self Esteem, Self-Actualization: Germinal Papers. Contemporary Sociology, 4(5), 556-557. Retrieved January 24, 2012, from the Jstor database. Hagerty, Michael R. (1999). Testing Maslow's hierarchy of needs: National quality-of-life across time. Social Indicators Research, 46(3), 249-271. Retrieved January 30, 2012, from ABI/INFORM Global. (Document ID: 42213750). Figure 1, Maslow Enhanced | CIBU – California International Business University. (2011, March 14).Bachelor Degree, MBA Program, Doctor of Business Administration: CIBU – California International Business University. Retrieved January 27, 2012, from http://cibu. edu/general-posts/maslow-enhanced/ Human Intelligence: Edward L. Thorndike. (2012, January 26). Indiana University. Retrieved January 29, 2012, from http://www. indiana. edu/~intell/ethorndike Abraham Maslow’s work on strengths – The Strengths Foundation. (n. d. ). Welcome to The Strengths Foundation – Sharing the Strengths Way of Encouraging People. Retrieved January 29, 2012, from http://www. thestrengthsfoundation. org/3-tips-for-understanding-abraham-maslows-work-on-strengths

What You Can Do About Help Writing Term Papers Starting in the Next 8 Minutes

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